Outliers: The story of Success by Malcolm Gladwell (2012-01-14)

- Opportunity:accumulative advantage: it's the best students who get the best teaching and most attention; the systems we set up to determine who gets ahead aren't particularly efficient.

- 10,000-hour rule

- Raven's Progressive Matrices

Write down as many different uses that you can think of for the following objects:1. a brick 2. a blanket  This is "Divergence test" (as opposed to a test like the Raven's, which asks you to sort through a list of possibilities and converge on the right answer). It requires you to use your imagination and take your mind in as many different directions as possible.  What the test is measuring isn't analytical intelligence but something profoundly different - something much closer to creativity.  Divergence test are every bit as challenging as convergence tests.

"Practical intelligence": includes things like "knowing what to say to whom, knowing when to say it, and knowing how to say it for maximum effect."  it is procedural: it is about knowing how to do something without necessarily knowing why you know it or being able to explain it. It's knowledge that helps you read situations correctly and get what you want.

middle-class children: learn a sense of "entitlement": they aced as though they had a right to pursue their own individual preferences and to actively manage interactions in institutional settings.

Those three things -autonomy, complexity, and a connection between effort and reward - are, most people agree, the three qualities that work has to have if it is to be satisfying.  it is not how much money we make that ultimately makes us happy between nine and five.  It's whether our work fulfills us.

So far in Outliers we've been that success arises out of the steady accumulation of advantages: when and where you are born, what  your parents did for a liing, and what the circumstances of your upbringing were all make a significant difference in how well you do in the world.

Hard work,shrewd planning and self-reliance or cooperation with a small group will in time bring recompense.



The beginning is hard. By the end of the day they're restless. Part of it is endurance, part of it is motivation.  Part of it is incentives and rewards and fun stuff.  Part of it is good old-fashioned discipline.  You throw all of that into the stew.  We talk a lot here about grit and self-control.

KIPP

Nor is success simply the sum of the decisions and efforts we make on our own behalf. It is, ratheer, a gift. Outliers are those who have been given opportunities - and who have had the strength and presence of mind to seize the.  For hockey and soccer plaers born in Jan, it's a better shot at making the all-star team.  They were born at the right time with the right parents and the right ethnicity, which allowed them to practice takeover law for twenty years before the rest of the legal world caught on.

We are so caught in the myths of the best and the brightest and the self-made that we think outliers spring naturally from the earth.  We look at the young Bill Gates and marvel that our world allowed that thirteen-year old to become a faulously successful entrepreneur.  But that's the wrong lesson.

To build a better world we need to replace the patchwork of lucky breaks and arbitrary advantages that today determine success - the fortunate birth dates and happy accidents of history - with a society that provides opportunities for all.



Superstar lawyers andmath whizzes and software entrepreneurs appear at first blush to lie outside ordinary experience.  But they don't.  They are products of history and community, of opportunity and legacy.  Their success is not exceptional or mysterious. It is grounded in a web of advantages and inheritances, some deserved, some not, some earned, some just plain lucky - but all critical to making them who they are.  The outlier, in the end, is not an outlier at all.

这本书看得轻松，但是却改变了我对成功的看法。所以这本书是成功的。还要去看他写的

The Tipping Point:据说是changed the way we understand the world.

Blink: he changed the way we think about thinking.